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Lesson (1) - Chemistry - Senior 2
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Unit 1: Basics of Chemistry
Lesson 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry
Instructor: Dr. Mahmoud Badr
Introduction
Chemistry is the science that studies matter, its composition, and how it changes through reactions. In this lesson, we will learn how elements combine to form compounds and how to write correct chemical formulas based on ionic charges and valencies.
Main Concepts
- Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
- Compound: A substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio.
- Chemical Symbol: A one- or two-letter abbreviation representing an element.
- Chemical Formula: Represents the composition of a compound using element symbols and numbers.
- Valency: The combining power of an element, determining how atoms bond with each other.
Examples
- Aluminum sulfate → Al2(SO4)3
- Calcium hydroxide → Ca(OH)2
- Nitric acid → HNO3
- Iron (III) oxide → Fe2O3
- Sodium carbonate → Na2CO3
- Ammonium chloride → NH4Cl
- Potassium permanganate → KMnO4
- Copper (II) sulfate → CuSO4
- Magnesium nitrate → Mg(NO3)2
- Zinc chloride → ZnCl2
Conclusion
Understanding chemical symbols and formulas is the foundation of chemistry — it’s the language that describes how elements combine, react, and form the materials that make up our world.
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Topic 1: Lesson (1) – Fundamentals of Chemistry | 2nd Secondary 2026 EXP
🎥 In this video with Dr. Mahmoud Badr, you will learn the basics of Chemistry: elements, compounds, and how to write chemical formulas correctly. The explanation includes practical examples and exercises to make understanding easier.
🧾 An interactive homework exercise to apply what you’ve learned in the video. You will answer multiple-choice questions about chemical formulas and compound names.
🎥 In this video, Dr. Mahmoud Badr reviews and solves the homework questions, explaining each answer in detail to strengthen your understanding before the quiz.
🧩 A short quiz to evaluate your understanding of the lesson concepts, including compound formulas, element symbols, and valency rules.
🎥 In this video, Dr. Mahmoud Badr solves the quiz questions step-by-step, discussing the correct answers and clarifying any common mistakes.
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